Year: 2023

From Shiro Kuma by kumablog

A few months ago, Sebastian from Brazil came to train in Paris for a week. We had fun on the mats and outside and discussed a lot. Pedagogy in the dōjō was one topic. At one point, Sebastian coined “Andragogy” or “pedagogy for adults.” I didn’t know the term. After reading about it, I would like to share my thoughts here. (1)

When you create a new dōjō from scratch as a young teacher, beginner students are in their twenties. Two decades later, the same ones are now grown-ups in their forties. They are adults with families and responsibilities. Therefore, you must adapt your way of teaching if you wish adults to keep coming to the training.

To achieve this, you need two things to happen. First, you must see this as necessary; second, you must switch from pedagogy (aimed at kids) to Andragogy (designed for adults). If you don’t, your dōjō will die, or you will become a “Budō guru” claiming to have all the answers, even when you don’t have them.

Andragogy, defined in the 19th century, is a way to turn the science of pedagogy aimed at kids into a set of principles used for the education of adults. In the 80s, Malcolm Knowles listed six items defining how adults react to learning. This system is called Andragogy. (1)

If you have young students and adults, you must teach differently. Use pedagogy for the first ones and develop your skills in Andragogy for the latter group. These items are helpful and should be used in the dōjō when you teach an adult audience. (2)

I’m adapting hereafter the list given by Knowles in his books and giving it a “touch of Budō” for application on the mats:

Need to know: Older students do not receive education like young students. Adult students need to know the reason for learning a waza. As a teacher, you must give them the technique’s origin and sometimes the motivation to learn it. In any ryū, there is a logical order of the waza within each level. Waza #1 leads to Waza #2, which leads to Waza #3. That is why you should never teach the ryūha like a melting pot of techniques but in a logical order. That, too, answers the expected “need to know.”    

Foundation: The basics of Taihen (physical try) lead to Kuden (experience). This experimentation process results from long hours of training and failure through “trial and error.” It is how an adult brain gets a strong foundation. Younger minds want magic, and adults demand logic. In the ’90s’ and the ninja boom, it was common to hear teachers explaining that in “ninjutsu, we have to forget the form and rely on the feeling.” To that stupid argument, I say that 1) to forget anything, you must learn it first. That is why we need a solid technical and historical foundation. Only a solid foundation will give the adult the necessary answers to improve his knowledge.

Self-concept: You must be careful with adult students. They “need to be responsible for their education decisions.” They want to see where they are going and when they will reach foreseeable milestones. They must also have a system of evaluation to follow their progress. For this reason, in Paris, we have developed a syllabus where each student validates their progress. When they think they are ready, they ask the instructor to take the test. That changes dramatically the state of mind during the examination process. We designed the KEEP in 2005. Since then, no one failed the test. (3) 

In part 2 of this post, we will cover the remaining three out of six defined by Knowles. But I hope you already understand why teaching adults differs from teaching kids. The same content will have to make sense to them. They have a life, and we established earlier they demand logic, not magic or mystical stuff. Teachers have a responsibility toward their students. What they teach is a way of life, not a sport. If you want to teach adults properly, then it is time to try Andragogy.

(part 2 is coming soon. It will cover the last three items of Knowles: Readiness, Orientation, and Motivation )    

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1 Andragogy refers to methods and principles used in adult education. The word comes from the Greek ἀνδρ- (andr-), meaning “man”, and ἀγωγός (agogos), meaning “leader of”. Therefore, Andragogy means “leading men”, whereas “pedagogy” literally means “leading children.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andragogy#:~:text=Andragogy%20refers%20to%20methods%20and,%2C%20meaning%20%22leader%20of%22.

2  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Knowles

3 K.E.E.P.: The Kyū Examination Evaluation Program regroups all the techniques from the Tenchijin plus the basics of the primary weapons we use in the Bujinkan. The whole syllabus is not made of 9 Kyū but of 9 modules. There are three levels of basics (commonly referred to as 9th to 7th Kyū), three Taijutsu modules, and four Buki waza modules. 

I don’t believe in classes per rank. In Japan, everyone is training with everyone, and this is the same in my dōjō. In a class today, it is common to have beginners doing techniques with a Shidōshi or Dai Shihan. If you want to keep adults training together despite their different levels, you must do that. Whatever module we study, a beginner and an advanced student can learn something new. Psychologically, a high rank is not training the 8th kyū program but more profound ways to develop his taijutsu. You can download the Tenchijin chart and the K.E.E.P. manual at http://www.koimartartart.com in the “Bujinkan library” section.

From Shiro Kuma by kumablog

A critical aspect of Budō is to accept the change offered by Nature. We keep adapting our certitudes to new realities. This evolution requires hard work and humility.

As a young teacher, I was sure I knew all the correct answers. And I was critical of the other high-rank teachers. It was more “ego” than “knowledge” with a pinch of immaturity. We all go down the same rabbit hole. The main goal on the path of Budō is to get out of it at some point. Many get lost. 

As a teacher, I learned from my mistakes and grew up. As I matured, I wondered why other people, Budō teachers, work colleagues, friends and family often had different opinions than mine. That is when I discovered that everything in life can have multiple truths, all valid to a certain point. No one is always right (yin-yang balance), so I tried to see things through the eyes of the people arguing with me to understand their point of view. 

Until recently, I had no name for it, but psychologists have. They call it “reversibility”, which is called “Kagyakusei” in Japanese -please note the gyaku hidden in plain sight. (1)

I have been applying kagyakusei since the turn of the century. I don’t limit its use in the dōjō; I also use it daily. By “Shadowing” the others, you develop a real competitive advantage. Knowing your adversaries, partners or colleagues, you grow into a Bujin. Developing reversible thinking is a chance for your quest on the path of life. (2)

Reversibility is in tune with Sunzi’s Art of War and his famous sentence, “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained, you will also suffer a defeat. You will succumb in every battle if you know neither the enemy nor yourself.” (3)

Seeing the world through your opponent’s eyes becomes second Nature, so ingrained that you don’t think it anymore. At this point, countering Uke’s intentions is very simple. 

Around 1920, Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, explained that “reversibility refers to the cognitive recognition that initial conditions can be restored.” He was more interested in child development, but his ideas can apply to other areas. As we all are young padawans on the path, we too are children but in Budō. (4)(5)

A short definition of reversible thinking is “the ability people have to reason things in different directions. That is, the ability to see things from one perspective but also the opposite perspective”. Again, in the dōjō, you can take advantage of your opponent if you develop reversible thinking. I wrote about change in a recent post about kawaru (6). Transformation begins by accepting that others might be right, too.  Accepting that others have different visions as valid as yours, even when opposed to yours, makes you more tolerant and nuanced. 

Through years of practice, you get it. You have your own beliefs, but someday, someone shows a different truth as valid as yours. You begin to doubt and wonder. Now you have two options. The first one is to dismiss the fact you could be wrong, refuse the evidence, discard the new approach (truth), and stick to your original belief. 
The second one is what I consider the Budō approach. It is to accept the other’s input, analyse it, and honestly choose the best option. 

Humans tend to go for the first and discard any idea that is not theirs originally.  In Budō, we look for what works in and out of the mats.  That is the secret of being a Bujin. (7)

Reversible thinking leads you to success. 

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1 可逆性 かぎゃくせい reversibility2 from https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-is-reversibility-according-to-piaget.html#:~:text=Per%20Piaget%2C%20reversibility%20refers%20to,returned%20to%20their%20original%20spots.
3 Sunzi: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/730164-know-the-enemy-and-know-yourself-in-a-hundred-battles
4 Reversible thinking is people’s ability to reason things in different directions. That is the ability to see things from one perspective and the opposite perspective. This ability helps you solve complex problems and see all positions on the spectrum between the two opposites. It’s a kind of thinking that broadens your perspective and makes it easier to solve personal or professional problems. You can deal with your problems more logically and directly, thanks to reversibility. 
5 Piaget https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-is-reversibility-according-to-piaget.html#:~:text=Per%20Piaget%2C%20reversibility%20refers%20to,returned%20to%20their%20original%20spots.
6 https://kumablog.org/2023/09/23/kawaru-are-you-giving-a-chance-to-change/
7 武人, bujin: man of valor…